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Department of process engineering U218

Textbook Žitný R.,Krýsa J.: Chemistry



This is not an electronic textbook, rather an advertisement of paper textbook (129 pages) published by CTU publishing house (Zitny R., Krysa J.: Chemistry-introductory course, CVUT Praha, 1998, 129 p.). This textbook is available in bookshop "Studentsky Dum" at the price 84,-Kc.

Content: Introduction, Structure of matter, p-v-T, Energy and heat, Phase equilibrium, Reactions, Electrochemistry, Organic chemistry, Bio-chemistry



  1. Scope , classification of chemistry (physical, analytical, inorganic , organic chemistry, biochemistry, electrochemistry, nuclear chemistry)

  2. chemistry and mechanical engineering (example: furnace for steam reforming).

  3. Matter, properties, quantities and units (table of units and conversions US - SI, prefixes (tera-pico song 0.5MB)

  4. Mass and moles, structure of matter [Summary].
    1. Atomic mass, isotopes (atomic structure)
      .
    2. Molecular mass, molecular structures, periodical table [link to WEB-ELEMENTS, Sheffield] , bonding (ionic and covalent bonds), compounds (table of selected compounds).
    3. Concentrations (mass and molar concentrations, mass and molar fractions)
    4. Mass balance (mass balances of compounds and elements, example: burner).
    5. Stoichiometry of chemical reactions.
    Kekule (song) It was not and is not easy to identify the correct structures, given only the summary chemical formulas. For example the structure of benzene, C6H6, remained a puzzle for a long time, though four possible arrangements with open-end molecules were suggested. None of them could explain some peculiarities of benzene (for example the non-existence of C6H5Cl isomers), until the chemist August Kekul‚ (1858) found the explanation while staring into his fireplace: "...Again the atoms were gamboling before my eyes. My mental eye, rendered more acute by repeated visions of the kind, could now distinguish larger structures of manifold conformations; long rows, sometimes more closely fitted together, all twining and twisting in snake-like motion. But look! One of the snakes had seized hold of its own tail, and the form whirled mockingly before my eyes. As if by a flash of lightning I awoke; and this time also I spent the rest of the night in working out the consequences of the hypothesis." But Kekul‚ also added: "Let us learn to dream, gentlemen, then perhaps we shall find the truth. But let us beware of publishing our dreams till they have been tested by the waking understanding"

  5. State variables p-v-T [Summary].
    1. Temperature T.
    2. pressure p
    3. p-v-T state equation of gases (ideal gas pvt-air.xls [Excel sheet], van der Waals , Redlich-Kwong equations, Antoine's equation [Excel sheet, visual Basic macros], Dalton's law , Amagat's law).
    4. p-v-T state equation of liquids and solids (Tait's equation)
    p-v-T (song)

  6. Heat and energies [Summary].
    1. Internal and total energy, cv
    2. Enthalpy, cp
    3. Enthalpy of phase changes (latent heat) .
    4. Enthalpy of chemical changes-thermochemistry (Hess's law)
    5. Energy balance, first law of thermodynamics
    6. Entropy, second law of thermodynamics
      (examples: Calculation of reaction enthalpies, entropies and Gibbs energies for some industrial processes)
    d-d school (song)

  7. Phase equilibrium.
    1. One component equilibrium, phase diagram (p-v diagram for H2O, calculation of latent heats)
    2. Equilibrium in multicomponent systems


      1. Mixture of liquids (Raoult's law, calculation of a distillation process [Excel sheet-equilibrium at a constant pressure], analysis the performance of a gas lighter; thermodynamic description of equilibrium by chemical potential)
      2. liquid , gas (Henry's law)
      3. Mixture of solids (phase diagrams /click here to obtain phase diagrams prepared at Georgia Institute of Technology/ of metals, iron)

  8. chemical reactions [Summary]
    1. Classification of chemical reactions.
    2. Equilibrium of chemical reactions (thermodynamic approach, equilibrium constants, example of theoretical calculation of equilibrium constant for steam reforming, influence of temperature and pressure on chemical equilibrium /le Chatelier's principle/).
    3. Rate of chemical reaction (role of diffusion, homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, rate equations /rate coefficient, reaction order/, complex and elementary reactions, mono and bimolecular reactions, temperature dependence of reaction rate /Arrhenius equation/, reaction mechanisms, activated complexes and catalysts, reaction rates and equilibrium /production of HCl, application of E-beam promoted reactions for cleaning flue gases /, reactor engineering /batch and continuous reactors, plug flow and ideally mixed reactors, maximum mixedness versus segregated flow, complex flow systems modelling, residence time distributions/, bio-reactions, [this link contains Excel sheet]).

  9. Electrochemistry.[Summary]
    1. Basic concepts (Ohm's law , Faraday's law, Gibbs energy of cell reaction) .
    2. Cell potential (galvanic and electrolytic cells [Daniell cell])
      1. Standard electrode potentials .
      2. The effect of concentration on cell potentials .
      3. Another reference electrodes
    3. Kinetics of electrode reactions .
    4. Applications
      1. Batteries (primary, secondary , fuel cells)
      2. Corrosion of metals.

  10. Organic chemistry. [Summary]
    1. Hydrocarbons , their derivatives.
    2. Polymers [GE Homepage].
    3. Selection of plasts [Fig.application in cars] - properties [Excel sheet].
    4. processing [disc extrusion] , recycling of polymers


  11. Biochemistry. [Summary]
    1. Living matter, hierarchy of notions
      1. Proteins [Michaelis Menten equation - Excel sheet included]
      2. Carbohydrates
      3. Lipids
      4. Nucleotides
    2. Biotechnology [Beer production] , industrial ecology .
    3. The Future (neural network and virtual reality)

    [Excel sheet]

  12. List of symbols
    References
    Free sheets:
Acknowledgements I am grateful to my wife Suzi who tolerated my midnight returns. I am also obliged to the excellent musician, Mr. Michal VojtŘchovskě, for revising the music records. We thank Mr. Robin Healey , Martin J. Schmidt for revising the text , translating czenglish to english.



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@TEC: 3. 3.2003 Change language to English DEFAULT BACKpeoples U218 FS-CVUT Interesting links mailto: Zitny